Time and Order-processing Costs Essay Example for Free

Time and Order-processing Costs Essay After making some wise short-term investments at a race track, Chris Low had some additional cash to invest in a business. The most promising opportunity at the time was in building supplies, so Low bought a business that specialized in sales of one size of nail. The annual volume of nails was 2,000 kegs, and they were sold to retail customers in an even flow. Low was uncertain of how many nails to order at any time. Initially, only two costs concerned him: order-processing costs, which were $60 per order without regard to size, and warehousing costs, which were $1 per year per keg space. On average, the rented warehouse space is only half full. This meant that Low had to rent a constant amount of warehouse space for the year, and it had to be large enough to accommodate an entire order when it arrived. Low was not worried about maintaining safety stocks, mainly because the outward flow of goods was so even. Low bought his nails on a delivered basis. Question 1: Using the EOQ methods outlined in Chapter 9, determine how many kegs of nails Low should order at one time.  Question 2: Assume that all conditions in Question 1 hold, except that Low’s supplier now offers a quantity discount in the form of absorbing all or part of Low’s order-processing costs. For orders of 750 or more kegs of nails, the supplier will absorb all order-processing costs; for orders between 249 and 749 kegs, the supplier will absorb half. What is Low’s new EOQ? (It might be useful to lay out all costs in tabular form for this and later questions.) Question 3: Temporarily ignore your work on Question 2. Assume that Low’s warehouse offers to rent Low space on the basis of the average number of kegs that Low will have in stock, rather than on the maximum number of kegs that Low would need room for whenever a new shipment arrived. The storage charge per keg remains the same. Does this change the answer to Question 1? If so, what is the new answer? Question 4: Take into account the answer to Question 1 and the supplier’s new policy outlined in Question 2, and the warehouse’s new policy in Question 3. Then determine Low’s new EOQ. Question 5: Temporarily ignore your work on Questions 2, 3, and 4. Low’s luck at the race track is over; he now must borrow money to finance his inventory of nails. Looking at the situation outlined in Question 1, assume that the wholesale cost of nails is $40 per keg and that Low must pay interest at the rate of 1.5% per month on unsold inventory. What is his new EOQ? Question 6: Taking into account all of the factors listed in Questions 1, 2, 3, and 5, calculate Low’s EOQ for kegs of nails.

How To Write A Well Done Research Paper English Language Essay

How To Write A Well Done Research Paper English Language Essay Before getting down to a new activity, its always helpful to find out what you are dealing with. Actually, there are several types of writings called a research paper which differ greatly from one another: an academic paper this one is written by professors and scientists, contains results of their own research or some kind of review in the chosen field of knowledge; a thesis (a dissertation) a paper, written by the postgraduate student who has continued scientific work and presents the results of his findings to take an advanced degree; a term paper the one, written by the high school, college, or university students over the term (usually a semester) and handed in somewhere at the end. This paper serves as an evidence of a students ability to apply practically the theoretical knowledge he/she got during the term (or some longer period of studying) and influences greatly the grade. To be more precise, it makes up much of the course thats why its worth being done properly, isnt it? So, you are to write a research paper of this third type. To tell the truth, its quite a consuming activity; I mean, there are several items which will be for sure consumed by your research paper: time: You put off this paper for the last night before the deadline? Youd better spend these ten hours in a more effective way for anyway youll not succeed in writing a proper research paper. Then, what for all the fuss and brouhaha? To be serious, you should be ready to spend several weeks in order to write a good research paper: the two most time-consuming parts are gathering/studying the sources and the writing proper. Be careful to pay equal attention to each part of the process! Carried away by scanning the sources, you may run out of time and lack it for writing your own paper or do it not in the best possible way. In such a case, youll just waste your time when working with sources. And efforts as well, which is discussed below. efforts: I dont want to disappoint you but there is no possibility to write a proper research paper like Slam bang and its done!. It demands much efforts, both physical and mental: the first to search for appropriate sources, take notes, make correctly bibliography cards, finally, to type several pages which youll call research paper; the second to select a topic, to develop a thesis statement, to analyze the information youve collected from the sources, to choose your own point of view, and to present it in a proper way. On the other hand, I dont want to scare you by enumerating all the activities which are to be accomplished. Aimed at the common goal, they come into connection; therefore, if everything is done properly, the process flows smoothly from one stage to another. For instance, when gathering your sources, you are to keep in mind a topic and probably some possible variants of a thesis statement of your research paper when reading and analyzing the sources, you are for sure to concentrate on making notes, bibliography cards and at the same time you are to choose a way to develop your thesis statement when writing different parts of the paper you are to watch the interconnection between them and make sure you present your ideas in a logical order. paper: Joking apart! Be ready to have enough sheets of paper or better even cardboard cards to take notes and collect bibliography information while working with sources. Probably, youll need several editions of your research paper to perfect your argumentation skills and organize it in the best possible way. sources: It was already mentioned above that you should gather quite a number of sources and make a close study of them before writing a research paper. Be attentive, as opposed to an essay where you were supposed to use your personal experience, that of your friends, or some anecdotes in a research paper you are to deal with academic sources, publications of scientists and researchers. Make sure the sources you use are credible enough to refer to them! To sum up all the mentioned above, a well-done research paper is a several-pages long paper accomplished by the end of the term where student presents the results of his/her review of a scientific literature, its analysis, and skills in using it when arguing his/her own point of view. In the long run, you should produce a logical, consistent, and coherent text, based on the independent and critical analysis of some sources and their interpretation aimed at supporting your way of treating the problem. To do it properly, you are to follow seven steps and keep in mind some additional demands. Algorithm of writing a research paper Actually, after youve become familiar with a general idea of a research paper and some of its peculiarities, you are more or less aware of the procedure of its writing. Now lets reorganize these ideas and write them down in a strict concession to get a kind of algorithm: Selecting the topic. Working with sources. Gathering sources. Taking notes. Making bibliography cards. Developing a thesis statement. Outlining the paper. Making the first draft of the paper. Works cited. Making the final draft, technical specification. These are the main steps to follow while writing a research paper; in addition, you should keep in mind some important ideas which are helpful to improve your paper: Tips concerning an effective title. How to write an abstract? What for do we need paraphrasing? What is a summary? Be careful to avoid plagiarism! Now lets take a good look at each of these steps to clarify some particular moments which may help you when applying this guide. Selecting the topic In case you dont have to stick to the topic given by the instructor, you are to choose it yourself. Here are several tips to make a right choice: First of all, think of the subject you are interested in. Preferably, it should be something you are already familiar with, so that you wont spend much time on studying the simplest notions in this sphere, but there should still leave some mystery for you to urge you forward while working with sources and then while writing your own paper. Secondly, think out several (two or three) problems concerning the chosen subject. Make a kind of a preliminary research: look for information available on each of the problems and compare the number of sources. It goes without saying that the more sources you have the better research paper you may write. If you can hardly find academic publications treating the chosen problem, youd better not develop it in your research paper. Finally, be attentive to select a topic complex enough to be researches from a variety of sources and narrow enough to be covered in several pages. You may also think over the working thesis statement which youll take into consideration when gathering and scanning the sources. Still, dont stick to it! Be flexible enough to change the aspect or the angle of the chosen topic; moreover, such transformations may take place on the second stage, while working with sources. Working with sources Gathering Sources The best place to look for credible sources is a library. Here you may consult a librarian to get all the possible books, articles, and other types of publications concerning the problem you are interested in. Make copies of all the materials you find to be useful for your research and dont forget to write down bibliographic information. Otherwise youll have to spend time on looking for these very sources or youll not be able to refer to them in your paper. If you are using online sources, make sure they are serious enough to be referred to in a research paper. Take notice of the website where youve found the information, make sure it contains an author. Here bibliographic information is also needed: web address and the date you accessed it. Taking notes This activity spares your time on rereading and looking hundreds of times through all the materials you have to find some particular idea which seems to be up to the moment just now. What you have to do is to prepare a number of note cards where youll write down the most important information from different sources. If a quotation, it should be copied attentively and enclosed in quotation marks; if some interesting or valuable information, it may be rewritten briefly, in your own words, or taken as an abstract. When dealing with bibliographic information, two options are possible: You may put it on the back side of the note card if there is one card with information from this source. If one source requires several note cards, youd better make separate bibliography cards, enumerate them, and put the number of this source on all the corresponding note cards. Making bibliography cards for a book: authors name, bibliographical title (underlined), publisher, place of publishing, date, Dewey decimal, library; for an article in a magazine: authors name, bibliographical title (in quotes), title of magazine, volume and number, inclusive pages, library; for the online sources: web address, the date you accessed it. Developing a thesis statement Now its high time to turn back to your working thesis statement you were thinking over when choosing a topic and keeping in mind when working with the sources. Doesnt it need any improvements? Two main tasks of the thesis statement are: to define the focus and the direction of you research paper; to sound convincing enough to awake the readers interest in the problem. For instance, possible thesis statement may sound like this: Original influence of Jack Kerouacs novel On the Road upon the formation of the Beat Movement: personal experience, lively description, romanticized adventures. Outlining the paper Outline is a skeleton of your research paper: to make it, you should look carefully through all the notes you have and organize the information in the logical way. If properly done, the outline reflects the structure of the paper; therefore, there remains only to fill it up with more detailed information, such as quotations, examples, illustrations of the main ideas etc. You can use the outline to see how the ideas correspond to each other, how to organize them more effectively, whether each statement is really an independent idea worth being supported by more specified information. When making an outline, you should keep in mind the general structure of the research paper: introduction containing thesis statement, body paragraphs based on the topic sentence, conclusion characterized by the concluding sentence. Each part should be reflected in the outline, indicated by the Roman numerals. Then you place important ideas which make the basis of your research paper: in the majority of cases, these are thesis statement, topic sentences, conclusive sentence. These statements are indicated by capital letters. Finally, you note down some secondary ideas which make part of mentioned above statements and enumerate them with the help of the Arabic numerals. In the long run, youll have a following scheme: Introduction A. B. Topic sentence A. 1. 2. B. 1. 2. Topic sentence A. 1. 2. B. 1. 2. Topic sentence A. B. Conclusion Making the first draft of the paper Now relying on your outline, you can make the first draft of the paper. In fact, it is called the first since there will be the second (and in most cases the final) draft; therefore, here you may pay more attention to content and structure without being too critical against punctuation. When dealing with the first draft, your task is to develop all the ideas which are presented in form of statements and show the whole sequence of thoughts with the help of which you come to your conclusion. Try to be as logical and persuasive as possible. Avoid unfounded statements and conclusions: youve studied a great number of sources to support your ideas. Supply the skeleton with the necessary comments, explanations, and quotations. Develop topic sentences of each body paragraph so that they take the shape of well-organized paragraphs with a proper content. Add internal (inside the paragraphs) and external (between the paragraphs) transitions. Make sure to put references to all the quotations and borrowed ideas. In-text references are done in parenthesis where you indicate last name of the author and the number of the page, like this: (Guterson 91). If the name of the author was mentioned with the citation, you are to put only the number of the page: (91). Rewritten text without references is called plagiarism! Feel free to remove all the unnecessary sentences which dont contribute to your argumentation or repeat what was already said. Excess of words is no better than lack of words. They should be just enough to present the idea and build a strong argumentation, no waffling or chewing over. Here Id like to devote several remarks to the first part of a research paper called INTRODUCTION. The very word points out the task accomplished by this part: introducing the problem treated in the research by briefing the reader on the subject in general, on the objectives of this very paper, and on the ways to gain them. This task may be accomplished in three steps: establishing a territory (you are to share with reader information concerning the recent researches in the chosen field of knowledge, present the subject, and underline its importance). establishing a niche (in the majority of cases, two possibilities are available: either to claim that you follow the tradition in investigating this very aspect or reveal a research gap, lack of researches concerning the chosen problem so that you are going to fill it in by this paper). occupy the niche (this step is devoted to your work: the angle you choose to treat the problem, the methods you are going to apply when analyzing the facts, the way you approach statistical information, the results which follow your research. Brief information about the structure of your research paper will be also up to the point). Dont worry if you find out that you cant cope with this part just after making an outline. Many students have the same problem and actually, its easy to understand: introduction is aimed at presenting the paper which is not written yet. Of course, you have already decided on the subject, the problem of your research, youve formulated the thesis statement, you may have some ideas concerning methodology but still its difficult to foresee all the aspects needed for an introduction. Thats why feel free to put it aside till the whole paper is written.

Impact of Ecotourism on the Local Population of Cameroon

Impact of Ecotourism on the Local Population of Cameroon EXPLORING THE SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ECOTOURISM ON THE LOCAL POPULATION OF CAMEROON. ABSTRACT The ecotouristic sector in Cameroon is a growing but relatively minor industry. Cameroons wildlife draws both safari-goers and big-game hunters, as Cameroon is home to many of Africas iconic animals: cheetahs, chimpanzees, elephants, giraffes, gorillas, hippopotami, and rhinoceroses. Impediments to further growth of the eco-touristic sector include poor transport infrastructure and corrupt officials who may harass visitors for bribes. Ecotourism can and is however making a substantial contribution to development, and in combating poverty even though not without its own problems. Many studies report on the general impacts of the sector in developing countries, whether social, cultural, economic, or environmental. However, the sector can sometimes be discredited as being less pro poor. Corrupt officials often embezzle most of the funds that flow into the sector. As a consequence of the above, the paper will explore some of the consequences of ecotourism on the socio-cultural and environment. As an Anthropologists, I will not fall into the trap of judging the sector but what is worth noting here is the fact that for the sector to be successful there need to be some kind of social amenities and attraction parks. INTRODUCTION Research on tourism in developing countries has mostly focused on the general economic, environmental and socio-cultural consequences of the sector. This sector has many potentially beneficial impacts to locals, but in practice these have been frequently outweighed by the negative consequences for local people of many African countries especially Cameroon due to poor management systems and corrupt officials. There are several forms of tourism and reasons of tourism. They vary across cultures and depend on the particular individual or groups involved with tourist activities. For the purpose of time, this paper is going to focus more on ecotourism. Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the wellbeing of local people. â€Å"Travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strive to be low impact and (usually) small scale. It helps educate the traveler, provides funds for conservation, directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, and foster respect for different cultures and for human rights† (Honey 1995:25) This form of tourism is usually intended to protect the environment, have revenues to protect the environment and finally to support local communities. There are some criticisms that surround this form of tourism as to whether it is actually sustainable and if locals a re actually the beneficiaries. There are various definitions of ecotourism that have been provided by many scholars but this paper will briefly provide a few that are very vital to the analysis of the paper. Tikell (1994), defines ecotourism as travel to enjoy the worlds amazing diversity of natural life and human culture without causing damage either. Ecotourism is tourism and recreation that is both nature-based and sustainable.(Lindberg and McKercher, 1997) What is worth noting from the above definitions and other scholarly definitions is the fact that ecotourism is nature based and the idea of sustainability features in most of the definitions as well. This goes a long way to stress on the importance of nature to human beings and also the fact that it needs to be preserved for future generations. Ecotourism is also considered one of the worlds fastest growing tourism sub-market. This growth has been promoted by Europeans and north Americans to almost all parts of the world either for leisure or for the purpose of studies. Cameroon is a potential tourist destination owing to its rich touristic potentials such as the natural bright sandy beaches of Kribi in the South and Limbe in the South West provinces of Cameroon, equally its natural priority of hosting several animal species like the, red tail monkeys, giraffes, lions and giant elephants which roam the savannah. The bongo antelopes and massive western lowland gorillas, chimpanzees survive in this primeval woodlands with monkeys, baboons, elephants, hippopotamus and forest buffalos that are almost extinct in certain parts of the world, it harbors different bird species. Cameroon is blessed with abundant, diverse forest and wildlife on the continent of Africa, Nature reserve cover almost 15 percent of Cameroon 475,442km2,an eventual national goal of 20% has been set by law; These include seven National parks, three world Biosphere reserves and one United Nation world Heritage site but the most unfortunately thing is that they are not adequately protected some have seriously deteriorated due to lack of funds and mismanagement, poaching and official corruption. Forest have been sold off to foreign interest for ecologically unsustainable logging with no benefit to the local people while plundering of rare animals through sales of bush meat has grown and the crime rate has soared, the situation may change with increasing awareness of economic benefits of ecotourism dependent on healthy parks and reserves. The Ministry of Forest and Wildlife in Cameroon has been struggling to put on a legislation to kind of regulate the activities of local communities liv ing around national parks and game reserves. The conservation scheme empowering the Baaka pygmies of the East and South of Cameroon thus is a seldom success story. The nation which has a large number of potential tourist destinations due to its rich nature has been plagued by a poor political will for closed to two and a half decades now. The rainforest reserve however escape some of these disruption by the political power that be and is turning into one of the Cameroons main and few tourist destination. Not leaving out the too many ‘romantic things Africa has to offer such as pre-historic paintings, the African night sky, a unique rhythm of life all these experiences abound in Cameroon and that is the reason why Cameroon is referred to as Africa miniature because it has a little bit of what exist in the whole of Africa ADVANTAGES OF ECOTOURISM TO THE LOCAL PEOPLE The value of plants used for medicinal purposes by local communities can be calculated on the basis of their possible future value on the global market. Ecological economics, a field that addresses the relationship between ecological and economic systems focusing on environmental policy and sustainable development (Constanza 1989) Intrinsic value is a much more subjective matter, while most people take the intrinsic value of humans for granted the view that Nature is very often personalized in the sense that it has inherent rights and is as such subject to the same moral, ethical and legal protection is more controversial (Nash 1989) The world Ecotour 97 the first world congress and exhibition on Ecotourism was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 15 to 18 December 1997 it was organized by the Brazilian Society for the environment(BIOSFERA).The conference was attended by approximately 2000 people from throughout the world. They shared ecotourism theories, policies, plans, developments and management models. The key outcome of the conference was the realization that ecotourism is not a passing fad but has well and truly arrived, bearing the promise of environmental conservation, community wellbeing and economic benefits. Around Cameroons Lobeke National Park, trophy hunting in community hunting area is now generating some US$50,000 each year. This money is managed by local wildlife management committees. It is invested in education, through the construction of schools to provide shelter for children, who used to study under horrible conditions, provision of portable water through improvement of water sources and the construction of wells â€Å"The upshot is greater involvement of local communities in wildlife protection† WWF sources. Most natural areas are located in the rural locales; the development of tourism in such areas can have considerable impact on the local people (Lindberg and Enriquez 1994) Sensitive use policies that cause minimum negative social impact, but allow high levels of local involvement are required. Jobs for local people are a high priority, but are often difficult to provide in a sophisticated knowledge industry, such as ecotourism or adventure tourism. The development of tourism policy sensitive to local concerns is essential for obtaining community support (Lindberg and Enriquez1994).Local economic and social benefits cause an increase in support for ecological conservation. Travelers seek out businesses that emphasize the character of the locale in terms of architecture, heritage, cuisine aesthetics, ecology, etc. Tourism revenues give added value to those assets. A value that the locals may not have previously acknowledged. Travelers not only learn about the destination, they learn how to help sustain its character while deepening their own travel experiences. Residents learn that the ordinary and familiar may be of interest and value to outsiders. Ecotourism should essentially make good long-term business that should seek to employ and train local people, buy local supplies, and use local services. The more the locals benefit from the operation the more they will support the activities, and the better they will conserve the assets. Foreign visitors who learn about and observe local etiquette (including using at least a few courtesy words in the local language) feel a greater empathy with the experience. Local residents in turn who learn how to deal with foreign expectations that may differ from their own also appreciate the additional knowledge. Satisfied, excited visitors take new knowledge home and send friends off to experience the same and/or similar things they enjoyed which provide continuing business for the destination. The long term benefits of the resource of ecotourism to the local community, and to the operation must be enshrined, benefits may be economic, scientific, social, cultural, ethical or biological. DISADVANTAGES OF ECOTOURISM TO THE LOCAL PEOPLE The Ministry of Forest and Wildlife in Cameroon has been struggling to put on a legislation to kind of regulate the activities of local communities living around national parks and game reserves as these guidelines are being executed the rural communities face negative impact as they actually rely on the forest for a livelihood or survival. Huge sums or amounts of money is being spent and human resources continue to be used for ecotourism campaigns but this has not succeeded 100%.There had been stiff resistance in this relationship because ecotourism often will cause conflict and changes in land use rights, fails to deliver promises of community level benefits, damages environment and has plenty of other social impacts. In a real world situation focus should be made towards educating tourists of the environment and social effects of their travels. At the local level ecotourism has become a source of conflict over the control of land, resources and tourism profits, there are many problems abound with ecotourism with the case of Cameroon, the environmental effect on the local population and conflict over profit redistribution are only a few of those negative effects of ecotourism. The laws and regulations stands as a hindrance for the potential investors in the sector of ecotourism. There must be the prohibition of the promotion of unsustainable ecotourism projects and materials which project the false images of destinations, and equally demeaning local and indigenous cultures and natural resources. Ethnic groups are increasingly being seen as a backdrop to the scenery and wildlife, hence they do not participate fully in the development of ecotourism. The indigenous people struggle for cultural survival and freedom of cultural expression while being observed by the tourist. There are always resentments from the local people for they do not want this change that is being imposed on them. Tourism has been allowed to develop without any control. Lodges have been built, too much firewood is being used and no limit are placed on tourism vehicles, they drive off track and frequently harass the wildlife, their vehicles crisscross the zones and inevitably the bush or forest become eroded and degraded all these at the detriment of the locals. The regulations for environmental protection may be vaguely defined, very closely to implement, hard to enforce and uncertain ineffectiveness very often than not there are frequent confrontation between the indigenous population and the eco-guards, forest guards or the police and the gendarmes who are charged with the implementation of wildlife laws in Cameroon. The government of Cameroon regulates, administers and enforces environmental protection the lack of the commitment or capacity to manage ecotourism sites effectively. Government spends budget on politically beneficial but unproductive projects which has nothing to benefit either the locals or even the tourists. The government is vested in the benefits not the ecotourism industry which they are supposed to regulate causing restrictive environment regulations and enforcement to become more lenient. The constructions of an eco-touristic edifice may take precedence over more pressing environmental concerns like acquiring habitat, protecting endemic species and removing invasive ones. Ecotourism most often will be that which preserves and enhances local cultures but in this light it is clearly evident that with the creation of protected areas or zones local people are forced to illegally lose their homes most often without compensation as is the case in most developing countries Sometimes the local people are pushed to marginal lands with harsh climates, poor soils, lack of water and disease infested livestock since no veterinary care is taken of their livestock. This increases the dead toll of their livestock be it cattle, poultry or piggery. Some of the time the marginal lands do not assure for enough food for their livestock and for their own subsistence. Most often than not taxes are levied on their hard earned livestock this greatly embitters them. The creation of parks does nothing but establishes a permanent harsh survival reality and deprives the people of their traditional use of land sometimes this parks are created on their ancestral shrines which goes a long way to disturb the quietness of their gods, this greatly affects the tradition of the people in question, in some cases may even lead to violent confrontations between the authorities and the local villagers who see it as kind of sell out and thereby depriving them of their indigenous values. Hunting which is a passion of these indigenous people is banned and killing of an animal is illegal and punishable, these animals are their main source of protein and income, but they are prohibited to do poaching or hunting around the reserves, National Parks for example the small villages around Korup National Park in Ndian division of the South West Province of the Republic of Cameroon, this forest is completely out of bound to the local people who live and look at this forest for their livelihood same applies to the Menvelle wildlife (Gorilla sanctuary).The Mount Kupe Forest Project, Kejum keku reserve, the Waza National Park, the Limbe Wildlife Reserve, Kilum Mountain Project just to name a few. Most often than not populations are mostly displaced to create parks without even taking into account their resettlement schemes. CONSEQUENCES OF HUNTING ON ECOTOURISM All human actions in natural areas cause some impact. This can be positive or negative and can vary in scale. How much impact is acceptable? The determination of impact, the assessment of the acceptability of the impact, the management of the impact and the monitoring of the impact must be done. (Stankey, et al 1985,Prosser 1986). The hunting of nonhuman primates is biologically an old practice that human beings share with their closest cousins the chimpanzee, hunting methods or techniques and patterns however have changed substantially in recent times. It has been noted in the twentieth century that due to the use of firearms the efficiency and frequency of hunting has increased. Tourism, hunting and butchering on nonhuman primates has been linked to the emergence of some infectious diseases, for instance hunting red colobus (procolobus badius oustaleti)has been implicated in a localized epidemic of monkeypox that has continued for four generations of nonhuman to human contacts, this implying that even the tourist who visit these areas are at risks. Hunting behavior generally tends to focus around villages or new human settlements in logging camps or along roads sides and studies have shown that hunting in a village in the Dja Reserve in the south of Cameroon have demonstrated that both the levels and impact of hunting decreases as a function of distance from the village. The results have importance for both wildlife conservation as well as for assessing the emergence of risks associated with hunting, .(Muchaal and Ngandjui 1999) Both subsistence and commercial hunting with wire snares and firearms are widespread activities throughout the forests of Cameroon . In addition road networks and increasing opportunities for transporting hunted games have led to an increase in sales and rates of hunting. Some of the parts of rural hunting villages in Cameroon have also been linked to hunting and butchering apes especially those of the south. For means of sustaining livelihood the local villagers around the reserves in the rural areas tend to do illegal hunting in the protected zones Hunting increases in these regions in direct proportion to logging activities. When the logging companies open up new areas, snare and firearm hunters follow in their track. Logging camps in the region provide a cash market for fresh bush meat and their trucks are often used as a means of transportation of smoked bush meat to the urban markets of Yaoundà © and Douala where demand is high. The densities of large primates(gorillas and chimpanzees)in the East Province are among the highest in all of Africa. Hunting of these ape species likely results in a higher risk of exposure than the hunting of the other species. Driving the bush meat trade in Cameroon is the large growing urban demand in conjunction with the opening up of logging concessions in the east province. The market among households for sauce preparation in Yaoundà © alone is estimated at approximately $4million annually(IITA unpublished data) There were differences in the form of bush meat consumed with the poor more likely to purchase smoked bush meat rather than the more expensive fresh product. The conclusion here is that even though of its illegality smoked bush meat is an important source of protein for both the rural and the urban poor. Urban demand makes hunting a source of income for rural households. Some in the ecotourism industry have refused to take Cameroon seriously as a tourist destination until the government begins to take tougher stands against the countrys thriving bush meat trade. The killing of rare wildlife species for food and cultural artifacts was once believed to be an activity exclusively of the native pygmies. Today most observers recognize that the bush meat trade has become a part of mainstream of the forest or the rural villages of Cameroon, meat from forest elephants, chimpanzees, gorillas and other native animals are a popular and often preferable substitute to beef, poultry, or pork, a traditional pygmy will often include chimpanzee or gorilla instead of a chicken on a Christmas dish, of course killing and selling rare animals is illegal but laws go mainly unenforced because of a combination of corruption, lack of resources for law enforcement and a kind of apathy to the problem, in addition to logging concessions that the governments hands out to dealers who have little or no idea on conservation. The exposure to non human primates has led to the emergence of important diseases, including Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and adult T-cell leukemia. To determine the extent of exposure to nonhuman primates, persons were examined in 17 rural hunting remote rural villages in Cameroon that represented three habitats (savannah, gallery, forest and lowland forest. The convention on international trade in Endangered species found that the increasing commercialization of trade has led to some 68species in Cameroon being threatened by poaching. SOME SETBACKS OF ECOTOURISM TO THE ECOTOURISTS Nonhuman primate ecotourism for example gorilla watching has been associated with the possible transmission from nonhuman primates to humans of diseases that includes scabies for example sarcoptes scabies, intestinal parasites and measles, equally laboratory handling of tissues or fluids of nonhuman primates has led to the transmission of a variety of infections to humans .including Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and SV40. Additionally the keeping of nonhuman primate pets has been linked to the transmission of variety of microorganisms. A range of activities involves direct contact between humans and non human primates and allows for the transmission of micro organisms such behaviors can facilitate transmission of microorganisms from nonhuman primates to humans with consequences for human health, as well as from humans to non human primates, this equally has great consequences on wildlife conservation. Care for captive nonhuman primates has led to the transmission of a range of infections, including Simian foamy virus, herpes virus B. (HBV) primate malaria and tuberculosis. A widespread problem in ecotourism is the assurance of information accuracy of quality interpretation of levels of safety of operational integrity and of adherence to impact rules. Consumers look for such assurances and any deficiency in these areas can seriously inhibit use. Visitors satisfaction surveys are becoming a more important part of park and ecotourism management, they are common in developed countries but rare in Africa (Friesen1995) WAY FORWARD FOR ECOTOURISM IN CAMEROON The local communities must be given status as equal partners in the venture and their share of the revenue must be contractually guaranteed over and above the creation of jobs and by so doing the local communities should receive priority in terms of jobs. Local communities should be clearly identified, their legal access to the resource, through their legal tenure should be recognized and acknowledged. The distribution of revenues to the local people should be fair, transparent and accountable. Capacity building for local people should be part of the scheme, to the extent that there should be maximum involvement of the local people or communities in the planning and development of ecotourism with benefits accruing from it to the local people not leaving out minority and disadvantaged groups. Ecotourism operations should and in most cases must be an imperative involvement of big business concessions coming from the west( partners from abroad) in the form of people and investment for development, but it must also involve local communities and individual entrepreneurs. It is worthy of note that Ecotourism should be planned in an environmentally sensitive manner so that its natural and cultural resources are conserved, ecotourism development does not generate serious adverse environmental or sociological impacts, the overall quality of the environment is maintained or improved, the benefits of ecotourism are widely spread in the society and ecotourism satisfaction levels are maintained. Ecotourists should be environmentally aware they should favor businesses that have active programs to minimize pollution, waste, energy consumption, water usage, the use of landscaping chemicals, and unnecessary night time lighting. Stakeholders who can recognize that development pressures can deplete resources, and apply limits and management techniques to prevent this to happen can gain respect. Thus businesses that co-operate to sustain natural habitats, heritage sites, scenic appeal, local culture etc, are perceived generally as good businesses that are environmentally sensitive. This therefore calls for good plannification and implementation techniques which must be considered throughout the planning process, this planning should not leave out contemporary and creative concepts of development. Communities need to measure Ecotourism success not by the many numbers of visitors, but by the length of stay, money spent, and quality of experience. Many visitors may not be necessarily better since we acknowledge that every site has a maximum carrying capacity, which must not be exceeded or over utilized, this kind of over utilization may lead to some kind of abuses hence if the capacity is exceeded it could lead to the resources becoming depleted or overexploited or exhausted as the case may be. Participation by the Ecotourists should be encouraged at all levels and in all sectors since they form part of the whole network their exclusion will mean that the industry will fail to exist they must be part and parcel of the whole scheme. Their participation at all levels is very primordial, since decisions to be taken equally involves them. All resources should be respected and every effort must be made to use them sparingly and judiciously to avoid eventual depletion of the resources in question. Value adding by all the stakeholders at all levels will be very essential for success to be recorded. Education and training of all parties that are involved, the local communities, the Ecotourists, government and those operating in the ecotourism industry this will be a key asset leading to success. Ethical and moral attitudes, and responsibility towards the natural and cultural environment, should be promoted by all concerned with the operation that is from the part of the government, the locals and why not the visitors since all of them have a stake in the venture. Partnerships between all parties involved in the venture should be promoted. For Ecotourism to succeed there must be a high level of co-operation between the local, regional, national and international communities, so that everyone should benefit to the maximum. This co-operation must also extend into the field of marketing and promotion of the said tourist destination. At the end of the day it is the initiative and responsibility shown by the community that will determine the success or failure of an Ecotourism venture. There are no guarantees. All parties involved have to risk failure and all parties must know this risk of possible failure at the very beginning. Ecotourism is integrated as a system in itself, and the Ecotourism sector is integrated into the overall development policies and plans of the area and local plans are integrated into the national and regional Ecotourism policies and future plans if there are any. It is sometimes appropriate, to do strategic planning which focuses more on identification and resolution of immediate issues or problems. All levels of the Ecotourism industry are vital, and the quality of training and the resulting services that are offered must be of the highest quality or standards. These standards must also be maintained and improved over time and space, this will require putting in place monitoring and evaluation programs. CONCLUSION It should be noted that at the start of any ecotourism ventures, these should be backed by both the Social and environmental impact assessments. These in a bid to ensure sustainability both economically and ecologically. Research into these societies in themselves and the local politics can help identify and discard negative attitudes that may discourage the indigenes and even potential ecotourists. These procedures should not be too cumbersome and time consuming but should be in proportion to the size of the proposed development as the case may be limited finances have to carry the project through this information gathering period. The amount of environmental and social impact allowed is a management decision. This decision should or must take into account the legal and environment policy of the protected areas. Ecotourism is seen as a kind of exploitation and depletion in the case of the rural villages of Cameroon, it should be given more orientation to serve as a useful tool to lo cal communities and equally to become sustainable. In Cameroon there had been little or no awareness as far as the tourist industry is concerned, there has been low impact educational, ecological and cultural sensitive awareness. All these issues must be addressed by the stakeholders in the tourist industry for it to be sustainable until when all these will be met with, then will it be a success story. In many parts of Cameroon, the involvement of local people is crucial in creating a memorable ecotouristic experience. Even though local people strongly support ecotourism development, they are involved little with the planning and management of ecotourism in the region. Therefore, for the sustainability of ecotourism development, future planning should consider the inclusion of local people. Mechanisms should be created to strengthen the coordination between different Stakeholders, especially the locals who most often constitute farmers etc. The development of policies concerning ecotourism planning can be very important, provided that this process is conducted in an open and participative manner to ensure that the growth of the tourism sector in Cameroon is sustainable. In addition to offering adequate services and goods to tourists, the local government and companies in the ecotourism sector must also cater to the needs of the local community. Most inhabitants in Cameroon are unable to use the same services or purchase the same goods that may seem inexpensive to a foreign tourist. The economic growth brought about by international tourism is not perceived as entirely positive by everyone in the village. Some goods and services have become more expensive to local people. This then gives them the impression that Tourism in general is not for everyone since the life of the population and the local workers most often does not change much. Bibliography Bandy, J. (1996). Managing the Other of Nature: Sustainability, Spectacle and Global Regimes of Capital in Ecotourism. Public Culture, 8(3), 539-566. World Tourism Organization. 2000. WTO Tourism Highlights 2000, 2nd Ed. (August 2000). WTO, Madrid Fernnell, D. A. (2008) Ecotourism and the Myth of Indigenous Stewardship, in Journal of Sustainable Tourism Vol. 16, No. 2. Friesen, Bram. (1995). Safari Tourism to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Catholic University of Nijmegen, Netherlands. Stronza, A. (2001). Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and Other Alternatives. Annual Review of Anthropology, 30, 261-283. Constanza et al, (1989) Valuation and management of wetland ecosystems. Ecological economics Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1996). Tourism, ecotourism, and protected areas. Gland: IUCN Lindberg, K., McKercher, B. (1997). Ecotourism: A critical overview. Pacific Tourism Review. Lindberg Enriquez(1994) In: analysis of Ecotourisms contribution to Conservation and Development in Belize vol.2World Wildlife Fund Washington The Journal Of Ecotourism Studies vol.10N °2 Dec 1999 Honey, M. (1999) Ecotour

How Are Suspense and Tension Created in The Red Room? Essay -- English

How Are Suspense and Tension Created in The Red Room? In The Red Room by H.G. Wells a lot of suspense and tension is created. The Red Room fits into the gothic genre because it has some of the requirements for a gothic story in it, like, being set in a castle, an atmosphere of mystery and suspense, a prophecy, the supernatural and high levels of emotion. The story creates tension in lots of ways such as, shadows, noises, charcters and general mystery surrounding the red room. At the beginning of The Red Room the author creates tension by having the narrator straight away in a scene which is unusual to him, he is in a dark old room with old people who are mostly disfigured and slightly other worldly in the way they look and behave. â€Å"†¦ I had scarce expected these grotesque custodians.† He sees them not as ordinary people but as being grotesque so is clearly unhappy being with them. The author also immediately creates tension by talking of ghosts and the supernatural straightaway. â€Å"†¦ It will take a very tangible ghost to frighten me.† So we already have talk of ghosts in only the first line! As the narrator begins his journey to the red room more tension is created. â€Å"†¦ and my candle flared and made the shadows cower a quiver, the echoes rang up and down the spiral staircase†¦Ã¢â‚¬  so we have shadows cowering and quivering which is exactly what people do when they are frightend, the shadows are also being personified which could be a representation of the narrator’s fear. The author uses shadows again to create tension when he is on his way to the red room. â€Å"†¦ and as a shadow came sweeping up after me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  so we feel that the narrator is being chased up the staircase by something perhaps not of this worl... ...king him and this could result in something happening to him. The description also enables him to understand how the rumours in the red room could have started which makes him very nervous. Light and dark are obviously very symbolic, dark represents danger and the unknown whereas light means we are safe because we can see everything around us and it is harder to be fooled by noises or shadows in the light. Tension and suspense were constantly created in The Red Room by H.G. Well’s using various techniques, the writer uses a lot of different techniques to keep the reader wondering and to make sure that tension and suspense are always present in the story. In my opinion there is no one technique which is used to greater effect than any other one. I think that they are all used in equally effective amounts and they all help to create suspense and tension.

series reasons :: essays research papers

These are reasons from every Evangelion episode and movie. Most of the information isn't in order. I really hae to go back and fix that, but you can deal with it for now . . . Episode I: 1) Rei appears as a mirage in the the beginning. This could have many meanings, like it tell us what kind of person Shinji is. When Shinji met Rei in front of Eva Unit 01 later in the show, he looked at her, as if he'd seen her before. De ja vu = love, and I don't think they put that there for no readon. (Borrowed from Ryan Xavier's Shinji/Rei site) 2) Shinji pilots Evangelion Unit 01 (who has rejected everyone up to now) and uses it to fight the Third Angel just so Rei won't pilot it and get destroyed. We can call Rei the damsel in distress in this scene. Episode II: 1) We only see Rei one in this episode, and that's when she's on a stretcher. She merely gazes at Shinji, and Shinji gazes back. We all know Rei is a thinking person, questioning her feelings. She could be contemplating why this boy decided to pilot Unit 01 just so she wouldn't die. Remember, she is "expendable". Episode V: 1) Shinji notices that Rei is always alone. He wonders why, and continues to think about this "girl who has no friends". 2) He gropes over her. Accident or no accident, it's undeniably intamacy. Episode VI: 1) Shinji burns his hands and leaves permenant marks on them while trying to pull Rei out of the entry plug. After he sees Rei is alright, he breaks down in tears. I don't remember him doing so for anyone else. 2) Rei smiles for Shinji. The firt time in her fourteen years of life she does so for another person. (Gendou doesn't count, he was a parent figure) Episode IX: 1) Shinji and Asuka have been living in the same apartment, yet Shinji and Rei pull off a perfect synch during the synch training. Many people have said this is because Yui Ikari's soul is within Rei. Wrong. Yui's soul is within Unit 01. The perfect synch between the two could be a sign . . . Episode XI: 1) As the Eva Pilots are going to Nerv, and when the pilots are climbing the vents, Rei's eyes go to Shinji.

Occurrence Of Dental Caries Health And Social Care Essay

The recent diminution in the happening of dental cavities has brought a alteration in distribution of the cavities job in many populations. At present bulk are particularly kids and striplings, have no or merely a few cavitated lesions, while for a few the cavities experience still remains comparatively high.1,6 Clinical variables, particularly past cavities experience, have been confirmed as the most important forecasters of future cavities development. The position of the most late erupted or open surface is the most appropriate step of past cavities experience. Sociodemographic variables are most of import to anticipation theoretical accounts for immature kids and older grownups. Microbial degrees are included in the most accurate anticipation models.2 Cavities risk appraisal is an of import portion of preventative dental medicine since cavities is preventable, early designation of relevant factors impacting populations that may increase the hazard of cavities is of import. Appraisal of single aetiologic factors for bing carious lesions is a requirement for future cavities risk.3 Repeated finding of the caries-risk allows an rating of the success or the demand for alteration of preventative steps. Indications of an increased caries-risk in specific population in community preventative programmes will let choice of an single preventative programme in order to understate the development of carious lesions.4Multifactorial appraisal of cavities hazard:Dental cavities is a multifactorial disease in which there is interplay of four chief factors: The host ( saliva and dentitions ) , The microbic vegetation ( plaque & A ; micro-organisms ) The substrate ( diet ) and The time.4 The hazard of dental cavities can be evaluated by analyzing and incorporating several causative factors. In day-to-day pattern the caries-risk is determined in order to measure the single patient ‘s hazard, to place the chief causative factors and to urge specific preventative steps for single needs.4Cariogram aa‚ ¬ † A multifactorial appraisal tool:The Cariogram is a cavities hazard forecaster theoretical account that has been developed to depict and cipher the single cavities risk profile. It was developed in 1996 by Bratthall as educational theoretical account, taking at exemplifying the multifactorial background of dental cavities in a simple way.5 The chief intent of the Cariogram is to show the cavities risk diagrammatically, expressed as the Chance to avoid new cavities in the close hereafter. It besides illustrates to what extent assorted factors affect the Chance. And besides to promote preventative steps before new pits could develop.5The five sectors of the cariogram:The Cariogram, a pie circle-diagram, is divided into five sectors, in the undermentioned colors: green, dark blue, ruddy, light blue and xanthous bespeaking the different groups of factors related to dental cavities. An account of each sector is as follows. The green sector shows an appraisal of the Actual opportunity to avoid new pits. The green sector is what is left when the other factors have taken their portion. The dark blue sector Diet is based on a combination of diet contents and diet frequence. The ruddy sector Bacteria is based on a combination of sum of plaque and mutans streptococci. The light blue sector Susceptibility is based on a combination of fluoride plan, saliva secernment and spit buffer capacity. The yellow sector Circumstances is based on a combination of past cavities experience and related diseases. 7 5Factors assessed by cariogram:The Cariogram plan with a constitutional algorithm, evaluates the cavities risk profile of an person. Nine factors of relevancy to cavities are entered into the plan and given a mark harmonizing to predetermined graduated tables for each factor.Cavities experience:Clinical scrutiny of figure of rotten, filled and losing dentitions should be recorded. The cavities prevalence is an of import factor as it illustrates how the balance between opposition factors and cavities bring oning factors has been in the yesteryear. If the cavities prevalence is high, it means that the patient has been susceptible to the disease during a past period of clip.Related general diseases:Several general diseases, conditions can straight or indirectly act upon the cavities procedure, either through impacting saliva formation and composing, through a caries-inducing dietetic form or through medical specialties. Diseases or conditions in early childhood may hold influenced the formation of the enamel. For illustration: Autoimmune diseases, like Sjogren ‘s syndrome Intake of medical specialties Radiation towards the head-neck part Disabilities should be taken into consideration. Because of hapless eye-sight may impact right unwritten hygiene steps. They have troubles in cleaning their dentitions decently.Diet contents:Diet plays a cardinal function in the development of dental cavities, and there is a correlativity between ingestion of fermentable saccharides and cavities. Fermentable saccharides include dietetic sugars chiefly sucrose, glucose, fructose and cooked starches, which can be broken down quickly by salivary amylase to fermentable sugars. A high lactobacillus count will bespeak high saccharide ingestion.Diet frequence:Frequency of consumption of fermentable saccharides is one of the cardinal factors in the appraisal of cavities hazard. 24 hr callback diet history is recorded for frequence of meal consumption.Plaque sum:Plaque is the direct and of import aetiologic factor for cavities as it harbours micro-organisms. Plaque Index harmonizing to Silness & A ; Loe ( 1964 ) was used to gauge the plaque s um.Scoring standards for Silnesss & A ; Loe plaque index.PI 0= No plaque PI 1= A movie of plaque adhering to the free gingival border and next country of the tooth. The plaque may be seen in situ merely after application of unwraping solution or by utilizing the investigation on the tooth surface. PI 2= Moderate accretion of soft sedimentations within the gingival pocket or on the tooth and gingival border which can be seen with the bare oculus. PI 3= Abundance of soft affair within the gingival pocket and/or on the tooth and gingival border.Mutans streptococcuss:Streptococcus mutans considered to play active function in the development of cavities, particularly in the early phases of the lesion formation. Mutans streptococcus are acidogenic and acidophilic bacteriums that they can bring forth acids which can fade out the tooth substance and that they can last and even in a low pH environment. They can besides bring forth extracellular glucans, which helps them to adhere to the tooth surfaces.Fluoride programme:Fluoride is a really strong factor bring oning opposition to cavities and of importance for remineralisation of early cavities lesions. The relevant information on fluorides has to be obtained by patient interviews.Amount spit secreted:Appraisal of the saliva flow rate is done. The sum and the quality of the spit is recorded. Medication, radiation therapy to caput and cervix that affect the salivary secretory organs, salivary rocks, anorexia nervosa, autoimmune diseases and diabetes mellitus are illustrations of grounds for the low secernment rate. In mensurating saliva flow rate, either unstimulated or stimulated saliva secernment is chosen.Saliva buffer capacity:The spit has several of import protective maps, both for dentition and for unwritten mucosal surfaces. Its clearance of nutrient dust, sugars and acids from the unwritten pit is of import for cavities protection. Saliva buffer system seek to maintain pH near to impersonal. Buffer capacity is of import spits factor that is measured.Clinical opinion:The entire feeling of the cavities state of affairs, including societal factors, gives a positive position, more positive than what the Cariogram seems to bespeak. The tester would wish to do the green sector bigger or smaller to better or diminish the Chance to avoid cavities sector for the patient.5Estimating cavities hazard utilizing cariogram:When all the information associating to the factors was estimated, including consequences of the spit trials, the relevant information was entered into the Cariogram computing machine plan to cipher the cavities hazard. Cariogram assesses the hazard of future cavities activity and expresses the consequence as the opportunity of avoiding cavities. The opportunity varies on a graduated table from 0 to 100 % . A 0 % opportunity of avoiding cavities means that lesions will decidedly happen over clip ( high cavi ties hazard ) . And 100 % opportunity of avoiding cavities means that there is no hazard of future cavities activity ( low cavities hazard ) . 8Decision:Cariogram theoretical account can be able to place the caries-related factors that could be the grounds for the hereafter cavities hazard anticipation, and hence assist the tooth doctor to be after appropriate preventative measures.9 This caries-risk appraisal should be repeated on a regular basis as an assistance in the preventative and non-operative direction of the cavities disease.6 Cavities hazard can be estimated in particular attention kids, disabled, bedfast patients and appropriate cavities preventative actions can be initiated.

Anti-Competitive Behavior: The Case Of Allcare Ipa

Free Trade Commission (FTC). The main role of FTC, created in 1914, is outlined in its website â€Å"Federal Trade Commission† (http://www. ftc. gov/ftc/about. shtm) which states that â€Å"It is the only federal agency with both consumer protection and competition jurisdiction in broad sectors of the economy†. As such, it â€Å"pursues vigorous and effective law enforcement, advances consumers’ interests†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The FTC was originally created to prevent unfair methods of competition in commerce, but through the years, its role has widened to cover consumer protection in broad terms.It must be noted that FTC’s Bureau of Competition promotes and protects vigorous competition by seeking out and challenging â€Å"anticompetitive conduct in the marketplace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦promotes competition in industries where consumer impact is high, such as health care†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ((http://www. ftc. gov/ftc/about. shtm). The very nature of health care, a very basic need, explains why practices in this field is a major concern for FTC.AllCare IPA is comprised of independent physicians that have joined together to provide a comprehensive network of multiple specialties, developed specifically for the patient’s health plan. (http://www. allcareipa. com/faqs/default. aspx). Its main office is found in Modesto, California. â€Å"Since its formation, AllCare and its physicians have contracted with Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) to provide fee-for service care. In PPO arrangements, the payer compensates the physicians for services provided under agreed-upon fee schedules.Such arrangements may or may not entail financial risk-sharing or clinical integration. † ((â€Å"FTC Settles Price-Fixing Charges Against Two Separate Doctors' Groups†). In February 2009, FTC found AllCare IPA guilty of price-fixing and violated anticompetitive laws by â€Å"orchestrating and carrying out agreements among their memb ers to refuse, and threaten to refuse, to deal with insurance providers, unless they raised the fees paid to the groups’ doctors†.FTC ruled that AllCare’s conduct in setting fees for payers and refusing to deal with payers constitutes illegal price-fixing, and violates federal law. In addition, the FTC contends AllCare engaged in any activity that might justify collective agreements on the prices its members would accept for their services. The groups’ physicians did not share financial risk in providing medical services, did not collaborate in any program to monitor and modify clinical practice patterns or otherwise integrate the delivery of their services.According to the FTC, between 2005 and 2006, AllCare acted to restrain competition on fee-for-service contracts by facilitating, entering into, and implementing agreements to fix the prices and other contract terms with PPO payers; to engage in collective negotiations over the terms and conditions of de aling with such payers; and to have members refrain from negotiating with such payers on terms other than those approved by the group. †. (â€Å"FTC Settles Price-Fixing Charges Against Two Separate Doctors' Groups†). Penalties against AllCare.AllCare has been barred to enter into similar agreements because according to FTC’s Acting Director of the Bureau of Competition David Wales, â€Å"when health care providers decide to purse personal gain through unlawful price-fixing, consumers are often forces to either pay higher prices or forgo vital treatments they can no longer afford†. (â€Å"FTC Settles Price-Fixing Charges Against Two Separate Doctors' Groups†). The Commission’s proposed consent orders are designed to eliminate the illegal anticompetitive conduct alleged in the complaints.They would prohibit AllCare from entering into or facilitating agreements between or among physicians: 1) to negotiate on behalf of any physician with any pay er; 2) to refuse to deal, or threaten to refuse to deal, with any payer; 3) to designate the terms, conditions, or requirements upon which any physician deals, or is willing to deal, with any payer, including, but not limited to price terms; 4) not to deal individually with any payer, or not to deal with any payer through any arrangement other than one involving AllCare, respectively.The order prohibits AllCare from exchanging information among physicians concerning whether, or on what terms, to contract with a payer and from encouraging, suggesting, advising, pressuring, inducing, or attempting to induce anyone into any actions otherwise prohibited by the order. I believe that there must always be balance in any decision that affects two opposing parties, in this case the doctors and their patients.While FTC must protect the welfare of the consumers and must do so vigorously and vigilantly, it must also take into account the needs of the doctors to protect themselves and their live lihoods against threats from the same persons who come to them for treatment. Already, many doctors are discouraged to practice their profession for fear of lawsuits, such as medical malpractice, and the tremendous cost implications these lawsuits bring. I agree that physicians practice must be subject to regulation as it is prone to abuse.However, while medical care is a very basic commodity and patients, as consumers, have every right to be protected against unjust and unlawful practices in the health care industry, so do Doctors have rights to protect themselves and their livelihoods. I personally believe that that FTC ruling was too biased in favor of the consumers/patients. But of course, this is America, and the customer is always king. Works Cited â€Å"AllCare IPA: Frequently Asked Questions†. 2005.6 August 2009. (http://www. allcareipa. com/faqs/default. aspx) Copy of the FTC Decision on AllCare. February 2009. August 6, 2009. (http://www. crowell. com/pdf/ManagedCar e/Independent-Practice-Associates-Medical-Group. pdf) â€Å"Free Trade Commission†. Free Trade Commission. 6 August 2009. (http://www. ftc. gov/ftc/about. shtm) â€Å"FTC Settles Price-Fixing Charges Against Two Separate Doctors' Groups†. 24 December 2008. 6 August 2009. (http://www. ftc. gov/ftc/about. shtm)