Bootlegging - 1172 Words

A.J. D’Angelo Ms. Roach Classics in American Literature 20 April 2011 Bootlegging â€Å"The more taboos and inhibitions there are in the world, the poorer people become†¦ The more articulate the laws and ordinances, the more robbers and thieves arise† (qtd. in â€Å"Rumrunning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The 1920’s in American History was an extraordinary time period due to the extreme prosperity of the people who lived in it. The lust for bigger and better conveniences was developed and led people to want easy money. After the eighteenth amendment went into effect, the quickest way to make money was through the illegal production and smuggling of alcohol. Smuggling created the infamous gangsters who made their fortunes from the moonshine. The greatest contributor†¦show more content†¦Bootlegging was prominent in states near national boarders that could easily be crossed (â€Å"Prohibition†). Though Prohibition ended, bootlegging remained in areas that had locally banned alcohol (â€Å"Bootlegging†). Out of the bootlegging indus try grew the gangsters that profited from it through extortion and illegality. â€Å"America experienced a massive increase in corruption and the growth of organized crime†¦Ã¢â‚¬  due to prohibition. â€Å"Powerful gangsters murdered anybody who got in their way† (Feinstein). Al Capone, a notorious gangster, joined the mob in 1920, killed off the mob boss with his friend Torrio, and later took over the mob from Torrio. The other major gangster of New York and Chicago was Bugs Moran, the target of the Valentine’s Day Massacre (Feinstein). On Valentine’s Day, Capone lured Bugs Moran’s men to an empty warehouse. He then had his men kill Moran’s men, in what is known as the Valentine’s Day Massacre (Lieurance). Capone’s chain of command kept him out of much of the trouble that the police suspected him to have caused. He was later convicted on tax exemption and died of pneumonia on January 25, 1947 (â€Å"Al Capone†). Even though Capone was a well-known criminal, the help he gave to the community gave him much love and praise as he drove around Chicago (Feinstein). Another difficulty for the law enforcement in the conviction of these gangsters was the gangsters’ ability to buy off police and chiefShow MoreRelatedBootlegging and Al Capone Essay1895 Words   |  8 PagesBOOTLEGGING In 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment was passed, this amendment made the consumption and sell of alcohol illegal. A group of people referred to as â€Å"moral reformers† felt that banning the sell and consumption of alcohol would better protect the lives of people as well as make them better (Rose). Businesses, such as industrial businesses, believed that it would better productivity if the workers could remain sober. The Volsted Act was passed shortly after the Eighteenth Amendment to makeRead MoreThe Leader Of The Bootlegging Operations During The War On Drugs1280 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way. The leader of the bootlegging operations during the prohibition was a man named Alphonse Gabriel Capone or as he is better known as, Al Capone. Al Capone was a man that was well respected as well as feared and sometimes even revered due to his untouchable nature. He was the leader of the Five Points Gang, which was an influential gang during the era of the prohibition. He focused on boo tlegging operations rather than drugs because of the high demand. Bootlegging is â€Å"...in U.S. history, illegalRead MoreEvents of The Roaring Twenties985 Words   |  4 Pagesmain contributions from Prohibition were: bootlegging, organized crime, and the failure of Prohibition. Prohibition very much contributed to the atmosphere of the Roaring Twenties in a detrimental way to society by creating a period of time in which even the average citizen broke the law. A huge part of the Prohibition’s detrimental contribution was bootlegging. Bootlegging was the illegal trafficking of alcohol in violation of the 18th Amendment. Bootlegging became very popular in this time periodRead MoreEssay on Prohibition in the United States1500 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol (Organized Crime and Prohibition 1). Alcohol increased the organized crimes during Prohibition through loopholes in the 18th Amendment, speakeasies, doctor’s prescriptions, and bootlegging. Bootleg alcohol was one of the main reasons organized crimes began (Organized Crime and Prohibition 1). Bootlegging was when alcohol was brought into the country illegally from outside the borders. Although, sometimes the illegal alcohol was obtained within the United States (Sifakis 725). OrganizedRead MoreWhy Prohibition Didnt Work1612 Words   |  6 Pagesdistribution of alcohol illegal. However after Prohibition was put into effect, it became evident that its goals to eliminate drinking and the problems that supposedly followed were no longer achievable. With the expansion of private distilling, bootlegging, and corruption, it is fair to say that Prohibition was not a success. Due to the fact that Prohibition prohibited the sale of alcohol, many Americans started to purchase illegal alcohol from bootleggers, stores and the restaurant chainsRead MoreEssay On Al Capone1271 Words   |  6 PagesCapone born in Brooklyn, New York to a poor US immigrant couple, Gabriele and Teresina Capone, seeking a better opportunity for their then big family of eight children. He was known for running many lucrative illegal businesses that included alcohol bootlegging, gambling, prostitution, and protection. Al Capone was so notorious that he would murder those who got in his way. With little prosecution of his actions, Al Capone believed his self to being unstoppable. Al Capone, being raised as a kid in povertyRead MoreProhibition in Canada Essay628 Words   |  3 Pageswere spending on alcohol. Prohibition was a very good time some citizens though because it was a good way to make money and fast, this was by bootlegging and smuggling but, it was also a risky way to make money as it was illegal to do so. Bootlegging was a very common thing to do so back then because of the rewards in doing it. There was so much bootlegging going on during prohibition that the United States depended very much on eastern Canada when United States went dry too. A group of bootleggersRead MoreProhibition in the Great Gatsby1355 Words   |  6 Pagesdreams revolved around impressing and winning back Daisy. He was so blinded by his love for Daisy that he was not willing to achieve his actual dream. In the Great Gatsby, it is heavily inferred that Gatsbys success and wealth is earned through bootlegging. Gatsby became known as a mysterious, wealthy man. Gatsby created an image for himself. No one knew anything about him but he was still famous amongst all of New York. Bob Batchelor says, â€Å"It would be difficult to find someone who did not immediatelyRead MoreProhibition And Prohibition Of Alcohol1007 Words   |  5 Pagesalcohol. This was when smuggling liquor and creating moonshines began, opening the United States to a world of organized crime, and was called bootlegging. The earliest bootleggers began â€Å"smuggling foreign-made commercial liquor into the United States from across the Canadian and Mexican borders and along the seacoasts from ships under foreign registry.† Bootlegging began organized crime in America and began to thrive as an illegal business. Alcohol was smuggled throughout the United States, into nightRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties1460 Words   |  6 Pages The Nineteen Twenties, sometimes known as The Roaring Twenties ,was the time period betw een 1920-1929. Jazz music, flappers, and bootlegging were prominent during this time. Alcohol was banned causing the crime rates to skyrocket and the consumption of alcohol fluctuated. The nineteen twenties were a time for change both socially and politically. America’s wealth increased significantly and people listened to the same genres of music, and bought the same things. Even with all the changes that

Analysis “Hills Like White Elephants” Free Essays

Ernest Hemingway revolves around a conversation between a girl and an American man. The story Is written In simple sentences and when one reads the story one does not really notice the subtleties present. Hemingway iceberg theory is relevant to this story because though the story seems to be simply about a man and a woman having a causal conversation there are undertones of more serious and pressing issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis: â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is set at a train station in between Barcelona and Madrid. Hemingway does this on purpose in order to highlight the fact that the relationship between the American and the girl is at crossroads. Throughout the passage there is no explicit sign of conflict however there Is a slight undercurrent of uncertainty and tension. The entire passage Is written in third person, it is objective and just states the facts of the conversation without really giving the reader any background information about the situation or the characters. This is probably been done to maintain a sense of mystery. The title of the passage is also significant s White elephants’ are symbolic of something that is unwanted and as the whole conversation between the American and woman revolves around whether to do an ‘operation’ or not to get rid of something that Is supposedly an unborn baby, making the operation an abortion, this symbol is extremely important. The first paragraph of the passage is dedicated to describing the setting. It starts with a description of the hills as ‘long and white’ and how there was ‘no shade on this side’. It then goes on to describe the other side across the rail tracks as a Warm shadow of the building and beaded curtain to keep the files out’. By describing the two sides the author creates two contrasting Images, one where there Is shade and another where there Is Just the hot sun. It also mentioned that the American and the girl sit In the shade. This can be said to be symbolic of conflict in the story. The shady area is the easier option, which is going ahead with the abortion while the other side, which is hot, and without shade is the harder choice to keep the unborn baby. The setting is also symbolic as they are physically at a Junction point between Barcelona and Madrid however they re also mentally at a Junction as they are not sure what to do with the baby. The first line that the girl utters; What shall we drink’ speaks volumes about her character and relationship with the American she Is with. It Is the start of her uncertainty, helplessness and dependence on the American. This is also conveyed when she says ‘lets drink beer’ and then the American goes on to translate it into Spanish. It shows how dependent she is on the man to survive, not only linguistically in this particular setting but also otherwise. Her Indecision of whether to have a new drink with water r not, also conveys the Indecision she faces deeper Issue of whether or not to have an abortion. Also though she Is pregnant she Is consuming alcohol, which Is bad for her unborn child indicating that finally she might just agree with the American and go for the abortion. Her preoccupied nature ‘looking off at the line of hills’ indicates that something is bothering her though what is not explicitly stated. It should be noted that though she was very eager to drink something when she arrived she is so preoccupied that she does not notice that the drinks have arrived. Also the contrast between the White hills’ and the ‘brown, dry countryside portrays the purity of the girl who are at fault. Also the fact that the girl refers to the White hills’ as White elephants’ shows how unwanted the unborn born child is though the he or she has done nothing wrong. The man who is also the antagonist in the passage is portrayed as the more dominant character and behaves according to Hemingway rigid conception of reality. Hemingway chooses to name the two characters using different categories of pronouns; while he refers to the female protagonist simply as the girl†, the man is referred to as â€Å"the American† – hinting at the modernist trends in society prevalent at the time. He represents the freedom and liberation of relationships that were no longer based on romance but on convenience and a mutually acknowledged need for companionship. Throughout the passage the man seems more self-assured and confident than the girl, who looks to him for guidance in terms of mundane tasks as well as defers to his Judgment upon whether she should undergo the abortion. He also remains disconnected, though the girl and the American seem to be in a relationship there is no tangible evidence of love or real feelings, their relationship comes across as superficial and fake having a disagreement over the slightest thing such as whether he has seen White elephants’ or not. Through out the passage he acts like he understands her situation and tries to persuade her by using phrases such as ‘perfectly natural’ and ‘perfectly simple’ and uses insensitive epiphysis such as letting the air in† that clearly show his insensitivity, lack of understanding and comprehension of the emotional aspects of her situation. Throughout the conversation he tries to coax and convince her to undergo the operation Justifying his stance by reasoning that it would mean a resumption of their carefree travels, never realizing that that is precisely what she is weary of. He is blind to her increasingly apparent desire to settle down; while she considers the birth of her child and the commitment it would entail as a path to be considered (â€Å"Doesn’t it mean anything to you? We could get along. â€Å"), the idea never crosses his mind since he cannot envisage forsaking his unattached lifestyle for any degree of responsibility, least of all to raise a child. Hemingway also uses diction and dialogue in order to enhance the readers understanding of the two main characters in the passage and the story. Throughout the girl uses words such as ‘could’ and ‘l don’t know whereas the man is more confident and sure of himself. He is the girl’s pillar of support as she depends on him completely. However later on in the story she does change as she gains the confidence to question the American and reconsider whether or not she wants to have an abortion Thus to conclude Hemingway has used various literary devices and narrative techniques in order to rotary subtle conflicts in the passage. He has successfully used the setting and the actions of the characters to portray the conflict instead of blatantly stating them, thus making it more effective. He also uses two drastically different characters that have a loveless relationship as opposed to the usual romantic one. Also structure of the passage contributes to the effect that it has on the reader as Hemingway first starts with describing the setting and then going on to the characters themselves thus emphasizing the importance of the setting. E passage there is no explicit sign of conflict however there is a slight undercurrent of uncertainty and tension. The entire passage is written in third person, it is objective and Just states the facts of the conversation without really giving the reader ‘operation’ or not to get rid of something that is supposedly an unborn baby, making a beaded curtain to keep the flies out’. By describing the two sides the author creates two contrasting images, one where there is shade and another where there is Just the hot sun, it also mentioned that the American and the girl sit in the shade. This first line that the girl utters; What shall we drink speaks volumes about her character and relationship with the American she is with. It is the start of her uncertainty, setting but also otherwise. Her indecision of whether to have a new drink with water or not, also conveys the indecision she faces deeper issue of whether or not to have an abortion. Also though she is pregnant she is consuming alcohol, which is bad for her unborn child indicating that finally she might Just agree with the American and unborn child while the brown dry countryside is symbolic of the American and the How to cite Analysis: â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, Papers

Mobil Oil Australia Ltd & Well come International Pty Ltd (1998)

Questions: 1.Can an offer in a unilateral contract be revoked if the party has already begun the performance? 2.Whether the terms of the offer certain? Answers: Introducation: Mobil introduced a scheme known as the Circle of Excellence Scheme in order to improve the performance of the franchise. He said that the franchise must achieve 90% improvement in performance for six years to obtain a free nine-year renewal of the franchise. After the expiry of 4 years, Mobil discarded the scheme and the franchises ceased to be judged. The remedies sought included legal action against Mobil were initiated by 154 franchises; prior to the proceedings Wellcome claimed renewal or damages for its 9 year franchise. Wellcome won the prior case before the Federal Court where he claimed that those franchises that had achieved 90% improvement in performance for the past 4 years must be treated in the manner as if they had been achieving 90% in the remaining years. Relevant laws and Principles A valid contract includes certain essential elements that make it enforceable before the court of law (McKendrick 2014). These elements include offer, acceptance, consideration, certainty, legal intention and legal capacity. Any party, who is willing to enter into a contract with another party, shall make an offer to such party. An offer is defined as an expression of readiness to enter into a contract with the legal intention to become bound by the contract as soon as the person to whom such offer was made accepts it. The terms of an offerBusiness Law must be clear and specific; it must avoid any form of ambiguity (Poole 2016). An offer is said to be accepted when the party to whom the offer was made communicates such offer to the party who has made such offer. The party making the offer is called the offeror and the party to whom such offer is and is called the offeree. There are two kinds of contracts bilateral contracts and unilateral contracts. Bilateral contracts are contracts where two parties enter into a reciprocal arrangement and each of the parties promises to perform an act in return for the other partys promise to do an act. In bilateral contracts, both the parties are bound by each others promises. In the event where party commits a breach of either the contractual terms or fails to perform respective part of their obligationn, that party is said to have committed a breach of the contract (Cartwright 2016). The aggrieved party becomes entitled to compensation for the damages suffered by him as a result of such breach. Unilateral contracts are contracts where the offeror makes an offer and the offeree accepts the offer by way of performing his or her part of the contract. However, unlike bilateral contract, in unilateral contracts allows only one party to make a promise. Under unilateral contracts, if the party or the offeree fulfils his or her part of the contract, the offeror is under statutory obligation to fulfill its promise (Willmott et al. 2013). Unilateral contracts require the person who is making the offer to fulfill his promise and the person to whom the offer is made is not under statutory obligation to perform his or her duty. In Business Law, the general rule is an offer becomes revocable at any time before it is accepted and a contract is formed. In case of unilateral contracts, once the required act is performed, acceptance is considered to be made. Under such circumstances, it is implied that communication has been waived as was stated in the Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1892] EWCA Civ 1. As per the rule in unilateral contract, it cannot be revoked once the offeree has begun the required performance. In Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v. The Commonwealth [1954], the high court held that in order to give rise to a unilateral contract, an offerror must make a promise to the offeror, which shall be made in return for the doing of the required act. The offeror shall only be prevented from revoking any offer before the offeree accepts such offer, if there is an estoppels or an implied contract. In case of unilateral contracts, a person shall be prevented from cancelling the contract; however, in case of a breach of a contract, it becomes revocable (Andrews 2015). The estoppels principle safeguards a person against any loss suffered by him because of relying on any representation or promise. In case of unilateral contracts, the principle of estoppels shall be applicable if the revoked offer is detrimental to the offeree (Furmston 2017). In bilateral contracts, lack of consideration makes the contract unenforceable before the court of law. in unilateral contracts there is no consideration as the party relies on a promise, therefore, in case if the party suffers, he can seek remedies under the principle of estoppels. The principle of estoppels is applicable when the relying or the aggrieved party acts, relying on the representation and suffer damages because the conduct of the representor was not in consistent with his representation (Andrews 2016). Arguments of the parties and analysis In the mentioned case, both the parties advanced their contentions before the full court of the Federal Court. Wellcome argued that Mobil induced them to confirm their participation and annual judging by providing them with a brochure, videotape and conducting regional meeting. He also claimed that the conduct of Mobil was completely misleading. In his defense, Mobil argued that their representatives said that they have work to do which implied that they were working on the scheme offered to theme and that it was merely on the developmental stage. He further argued that the offer was totally at the discretion of the franchises and was not forced. Moreover, the scheme was favorable for both parties to the dispute and the scheme did not cause any detriment to the franchises either (Frey 2015). Furthermore, since there was no consideration as it was a unilateral contract and therefore, under these form of contracts, only when the offeree performs his or her part of the obligations, the offeror becomes statutory obligated to fulfill his part of the contract (Bishop 2014). Here, according to the scheme, if improvement were achieved to the extent of 90% for a period of 6 years, they would become entitled to free nine-year renewal of their franchises. Therefore, acceptance in this case would be complete of the franchises achieved 90% improvement at the end of 6 years; hence, Mobil claimed that he was free to revoke the offer. The Federal Court of Australia was of the opinion that in order to safeguard the offeree who have relied upon the promise made by the oferror from being exploited by the offeror, the following factors must be taken into consideration. One must consider the extent of performance by the offeree, that is, justice shall vary between an offeree who has completed one per cent of the required performance and an offerree who has completed 99 percent of the performance. Further, as per the general rule of unilateral contracts, if an offeree has already begun his performance, the offeror cannot revoke the offer. An offeror is barred from revocating the offer if the offeree has relied on the promise or has significantly completed the stipulated performance. The court opined that the the franchisee already started to perform their part of the obligations in order to achieve high standard to enhance the efficiency in the business. The court questioned the suggestion that whether the franchisee have started to perform their part of the obligation as required by the offer in the first year, a month, a week or even a day, it shall deem to imply that they have commenced the performance to achieve 90% within 6 years. The question that arises is does it bind Mobil not to revoke the offer. Court outcome Under unilateral contracts, acceptance is said to be complete, if the offeree fulfills his or her part of the obligation (Frey 2015). In the mentioned case, the revocation made by Mobil regarding the offer was considered by the franchisees to be an incomplete act of acceptance (Frazer and Terry 2015). According to the Trial Judge, once the offeror makes an offer, which requires performance to be an act of acceptance, the offeror cannot revoke the offer if the offeree has started fulfilling his obligation. However, the Full Court did not agree with the decision given by the Trial judge. The full court held that in certain cases, there may be an implied ancillary unilateral contract wherein the offerror promises the offeree that the offer shall not be revoked once the offeree starts commencing the performance required by the offer (Jackson 2015). However, this does not imply that the original offer cannot be revoked and there is no universal proposition as such that an offeror cannot revoke any offer once the offeree commences to perform his part of the obligation, thus completing the act of acceptance. The Full court of the Federal court held that the Mobil did not make an offer to the franchisee and gave its decision against Wellcome stating the grounds of its decision. The court asserted that the representative, Mr. Stumbles, made his point clear that after Mobil proposed the scheme, the franchisee said that they have been working on it, which implied that the scheme was at its development stage. Moreover, the commitment made by the franchisee to find a way was too ambiguous and lacked certainty, which is imperative in order to create a valid contractual obligation. Therefore, there was no offer made by Mobil to the Franchisee. The court further stated that under certain unilateral contracts, a person is prevented from revoking an offer unless there is a breach of contract as revoking a contract that has been breached, gives rise to revocation (O'Sullivan and Hilliard 2016). Where the offeree acted on relying upon the promise of the offeror and the conduct of the offeror causes damage to the offeree, he shall be entitled to compensation for the damages suffered on the ground of estoppels principle. If there is no contract and the principle of estoppels cannot be applied, then the offeror may revoke the offer. Any offer that causes detriment to the offeree he or she may seek remedies on the ground of estoppels principle (Smits 2014). The federal court further held that an offer that is made in return for the performance of an act is revocable at any time like any other offer (Davies 2016). In order to evoke the principle of estoppels it is imperative for the plaintiff to establish that the defendant has encouraged an assumption that the offer shall give rise to an interest or a specific legal relationship (Martin 2016). Further, in the given case, there is a lack of the essential elements of this lawful relationship as a mere commitment to find a way does not establish the fact that the legal relationship has given rise to an assumption. Since, there is no element of assumption; therefore, the principle of estoppels cannot be applicable in this case. Therefore, the decision of court was in favor of Mobil. Conclusion Offer forms one of the essential elements of a valid contract and lack of a valid offer makes a contract unenforceable at law. The terms of the contract must be specific and lawful. An offer is said to be acceptable when the offeree communicates such acceptance to the offeror. However, in case of unilateral contracts, since only the offeror is legally obligated to enforce his or her promise, the acceptance of such offer takes place when the offeree completes or commences to perform his or her part of the obligations (O'Sullivan and Hilliard 2016). As per the general rule, once the offeree commences his part of the performance relying on the promise made by the offeror, the offeror cannot revoke such contract. However, lack of certainty and clarity does not create an offer valid, hence in the absence of a valid offer, the offeror may revoke the offer anytime he or she wants as was held in the Mobil v Wellome case. Further, in case the offer causes damages to the offeree, in the absence of consideration, the offeree may claim reliefs on the principle of estoppels. Nevertheless, in this case, owing to uncertainty and vagueness, the offer made by Mobil is not regarded as a valid offer. Since no valid offer was made, contract cannot formed, therefore Mobil cannot be held liable for committing breach of the contract and Wellcome is not entitled to any compensation. Reference list Andrews, N., 2015.Contract law. Cambridge University Press. Andrews, N., 2016. Sources and General Principles of English Contract Law. InArbitration and Contract Law(pp. 165-175). Springer International Publishing. Bishop, J., 2014. My Click is My Bond: The Role of Contracts, Social Proof.Gamification for Human Factors Integration: Social, Education, and Psychological Issues: Social, Education, and Psychological Issues, p.1. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1892] EWCA Civ 1. Cartwright, J., 2016.Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing. Davies, P.S., 2016.JC Smith's the Law of Contract. Oxford University Press. Frazer, L. and Terry, A., 2015. Factors affecting franchise agreement terminations: lessons for the franchising sector.Journal of small business strategy,13(1), pp.105-116. Frey, M.A., 2015.Essentials of contract law. Cengage Learning. Furmston, M.P., 2017.Cheshire, Fifoot, and Furmston's Law of Contract. Oxford university press. Jackson, L., 2015, July. Towards an administrative estoppel. InAIAL Forum(No. 81, p. 62). Australian Institute of Administrative Law. Martin, P., 2016. Estoppel: Binding promise without a contract: Court of appeal considers proprietary estoppel.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, (23), p.93. McKendrick, E., 2014.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). O'Sullivan, J. and Hilliard, J., 2016.The Business Law of contract. Oxford University Press. O'Sullivan, J. and Hilliard, J., 2016.The law of contract. Oxford University Press. Poole, J., 2016.Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press. Smits, J.M., 2014.Contract law: a comparative introduction. Edward Elgar Publishing. Willmott, L., Christensen, S., Butler, D. and Dixon, B., 2013. Contract law.

The year 509 BC Rome finally became a Republic and Essay Example For Students

The year 509 BC Rome finally became a Republic and Essay thus started the Roman empire. As Rome rose to power they went through many wars and many conflicts between the plebeians and patricians. The republic was made out of 3 groups, the consuls which were 2 men elected from the senate, the senate which was made of 300 patricians, and the assembly made from plebeians. Many years later Rome started to reject the republic when it went into a series of civil wars. 3 men form the first triumvirate, Julius Caesar, Pompeii, and Crassus. Julius Caesar became the victor. He was then rewarded dictator for life. On the date September 23, 63 BC a boy was born. He was originally Caesars grand-nephew. This boy would later grow to a power and change Rome for good. Julius Caesar had become dictator for life. 2 years later he was assassinated by members of the senate. A young boy named Octavian, was 18 years old. Octavian was Caesars grand-nephew but Octavian had always hoped Caesar would take him as a son. Octavian knew of everything that Caesar had done . From conquering Gaul to when he crossed the Rublican with his army, and also when he defeated his enemies and became the most powerful man in Rome. At the age of 14 Octavian had finally met his great-uncle and hero when he came back from Asia Minor and said the 3 famous words that summed up his victory, Veni, Vidi, Vici. Latin for I came, I saw, I conquered In Caesars will, Octavians dream had finally come true. Caesar had adopted him as his son. In Caesars will he left his money to a man named Marc Anthony. He was a powerful general at the time. He was a consul of Rome and successor to Caesar. Octavian knew he couldnt just get the money from Anthony. Octavian had no military experience or political experience. But he was now Julius Caesars son. As Rome once again fell into devastation, they needed someone who could pull Rome back together and take control. This led to the second triumvirate. The three men who were running in this were Lepidus, Octavian, and Marc Anthony. After Le pidus retired from running for dictator, it left only Octavian and Marc Anthony. As Marc Anthony and Cleopatra set out to take the throne in Rome, they went to western Rome in Asia Minor to win battles. Anthony won the battle of Armenia but soon after returned to Alexandria instead of Rome. When People had wondered why he had done this Octavian said to the senate Anthony intends to make Alexandria, instead of Rome, the capital of the Roman empire. Anthony is bewitched by Cleopatra. Has he not bestowed upon her provinces which belong to you, as Romans? Has he not deserted Octavia, his faithful wife, for that accursed female (Foster 114)? Anthony started moving his Egyptian fleet and 200 ships toward a city called Actium. Octavian had a fleet off 400 ships waiting for him, and Octavian soon won the battle. Anthony had heard that Cleopatra had killed herself, and without thought he killed himself so he could be with her. Cleopatra though, wasnt dead. She came back home to visit Anthony s tomb. She then went to her own tomb and poisoned herself. Octavian now stood alone, one ruler who now controlled all of Rome and now a new Roman province, Egypt. We will write a custom essay on The year 509 BC Rome finally became a Republic and specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Octavian now was ruler of Rome. Since he was Julius Caesars adopted son, in January, 27 BC the senate changed his name from Octavian to Augustus Caesar. From this point on, Pax Romana had begun. Pax Romana is Latin for Rome in peace. Peace was finally restored in Rome, And Augustus was the imperator. Imperator later became know as emperor. Augustus was the first emperor of Rome. The first thing Augustus did to restore peace was present to Rome a new constitution. This constitution transferred the State to the free disposal of the Senate and people (Augustus 370). There were still several civil wars but definitely not as many as before. He had many military operations continuing in many frontier areas. By the year 25 BC rebellious Alpine tribes were defeated and destroyed. In central Asia Minor an area named Galatia was annexed. But a place called Mauretania was changed from Roman provincial status to a client-kingdom which had a dependent monarchy. Around the year 23 BC reports of co nspiracies made him feel that new constitutional stops were necessary. He continued to End all his series of consulships in favor of a power in which disconnected altogether from office and its businesslike inconveniences. This gained power had raised Augustus to a new level. Augustus had listen to the poor people and had supported them. He also tended to back the established classes as the basis of his system. Augustus, around 19 BC, started to witness some social occasions. He encouraged marriage, regulated penalties for adultery, and reduce extravagance. In 17 BC there were glorious celebrations of ancient ritual. This was known as the Secular Games, to filter the Roman people of their past sins and provide full religious initiation of the new age. Around the years 16-15 BC, was formed the beginning of a civil service in Rome. This had never been done before but was destined to become an essential feature of the imperial system. Around the same time, a completely reformed adminis trative structure of Rome, Italy, and the entire empire was matured. The empires financial system at the time was far more superior to anything else in the entire empire. This great financial system was based on the central treasury, but the details of its relationship with the treasuries of the provinces, and most of all the province of Augustus, are still unsatisfactory understood. Mainly because, even though the emperor proudly recorded his gifts to the central treasury, he did not report what funds passed in the opposite direction. Lepidus, who had lived in retirement for 24 years, died in the year 12 BC. Augustus had succeeded him as the official head of the Roman religion. Also in this year, in Egypt, became not only the pharaoh, but a god. A year later Augustus had lost his old advisor and an outstanding patron of letters. Tiberius, a step-nephew to Augustus, was elected to share Augustus tribunician power in 6 BC. In the year 4 AD, Augustus realized that he had to make Tiber ius his heir. So, he adopted Tiberius as his son. This meant that Tiberius had to adopt Germanicus, the son of his brother, Drusus. With all this gained power by Tiberius, it almost made him an equal to Augustus. Augustus now was started to feel his age, he was no longer the young general of old. Around the year 13 AD, Augustus had to renew his powers for another 10 years. But would he last for those 10 years? Tiberius was now made equal to Augustus in every constitutional detail. Augustus deposited his will at the House of the Vestals in Rome. It contained a summary of the military and financial resources of the empire. His ingenious political testament known as the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Acts of the Divine Augustus). On August 19, 14 AD, Augustus Caesar, the first emperor of the Roman Empire, had died. On September 13, the senate had made Augustus a god of the Roman state. By now, Tiberius, Augustus adopted son, became the second emperor of the Roman Empire. Much like other empe rors, Tiberius assumed the designation of Augustus in addition to his own. .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .postImageUrl , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:hover , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:visited , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:active { border:0!important; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:active , .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785 .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube576524daee27d64508818561139785:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maggie's role in Hobson's choice EssayAugustus Caesar was not only the first emperor of Rome, but the greatest. He was one of the great administrative geniuses of history. He brought Rome from constant civil war into the golden age of Rome, also known as Pax Romana. And Pax Romana did not end when he died, it kept going until near the last emperor to carry the name Caesar. Augustus was remembered through out the entire empire and after. He was named the father of Rome. He united Rome as one, and still expanded the empire. But like every empire, sooner or later the great Roman Empire would fall as well. Many empires would rise and fall, and many revolutionized the world tod ay, but none would compare to the impact Rome has on the world todayBibliography1. Augustus. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1997 2. Grant, Michael. The World of Rome. New York: Mentor books, 19603. Foster, Genevieve. Augustus Caesars World. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1947.

IELTS Essay Samples - IELTS General Module Essay Sample

IELTS Essay Samples - IELTS General Module Essay SampleThe iELTS General module is an introductory course which is designed to help you get a good grasp of the topic. By taking this course, you will be able to write a report of the subject matter which will let you evaluate your skills in English grammar and writing style.This is also the type of course that IELTS is based on and I believe that it is the reason why it is considered the international standard test. With the knowledge that you are able to write and speak English, you will be well-prepared for the interview to take place at the end of the course. You will also be well-prepared for your job application when you graduate.With this IELTS General module, there are some IELTS writing samples which you can try out. However, they are not necessarily used as examples in a formal setting. In most cases, it will only serve as examples that will help you understand how you should write. If you want to learn English writing in a be tter way, it is always suggested that you utilize these essays as the basis of your preparation.For those who are looking for more interesting, creative, or challenging essays, the IELTS essay samples can be very helpful. The actual subject is very important because this is where you will be able to think of an interesting topic for the essay. Before starting on the main part of the essay, you will need to know the main topic first and then write the initial parts of the essay based on the topic.Make sure that you know first the subject matter. Even if you have researched on the subject matter thoroughly, you will be able to write the essay faster if you know the topic first. The IELTS essay samples will also help you understand what style of writing you should use in order to produce good results. Because English grammar is very important, it is important that you know the rules and norms of writing properly.This will also make it easier for you to write the essay if you have a goo d understanding of the rules of English grammar. Having a good understanding of the rules will help you produce a polished and clear result. Although the topics of the IELTS General module will be just that, general, you can still find many essays that will be more specific and advanced than what you may have previously prepared.It will always be suggested that you take advantage of the opportunities that the IELTS essay samples give you. This is the reason why it is recommended that you put them to good use before you begin the task of preparing for the actual examination. By putting these essays to good use, you will be better prepared for the actual examination.There are several ways in which you can make use of the IELTS essay samples. One of the easiest ways to use them is by using them on an assignment before the actual exam. It is recommended that you prepare yourself with the sample essays so that you can have a better understanding of the standards and rules of writing prop er English.

Vertigo and Film noir essays

Vertigo and Film noir essays "She falls into his arms for a passionate embrace and... Then, suddenly the a black-clad figure in the shadows startle Judy. She backs away from Scottie gasping: "Oh, no!" Terrified, thinking she is seeing the ghost of Madeleine Judy recoils, steps and falls backward through an opening in the tower and plummets to her own death (off-screen) in an emotionally-shattering climax. The figure, actually a nun from the mission, crosses herself and murmurs the last words of the film: "God have mercy." The nun pulls the bell rope and rings the mission bell. As the bell tolls Scottie, cured of his vertigo, emerges from the arched window of the tower onto the belfry ledge. He stares down in horror at her body far below - stunned, open-mouthed, shocked and glassy-eyed... the scene fades to black." This image and many others in Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo are intensely shocking, disturbing, and captivating. Hitchcock was able to receive these desired reactions by mastering the style of film noir . "A scion of the burgeoning lower middle class in London," Hitchcock was born on August 13th, 1899 (Perry). During his early childhood, Hitchcock's father punished the then five year old boy by having him locked in a jail cell for a few minutes. Much older, Hitchcock regarded this event as making a lasting influence on his work and outlook on life. One can see the issue of the fear of incarceration present in some of his films. While receiving a Jesuit education under priests, he gained awareness of the force of evil. After some engineering training he became a technical estimator and enrolled for fine arts courses at London University. While learning about art he worked for the advertising department of Henley house magazine and remembered his passion for cinema. He began working for German studios in the 1920s and by the end of 1926, Hitchcock was the most sought after British Director. Beginning first with silent black and white films he was able ...

Free Family History Databases at Your Local Library

Free Family History Databases at Your Local Library Your library card could be the key that unlocks your family tree. Many libraries across the U.S. and elsewhere around the world subscribe to multiple databases for the use of their members. Dig through the list and youre likely to find some genealogical gems, such as the  Biographical and Genealogy Master Index  or  Ancestry Library Edition. Databases offered by your local library may include biographies, obituaries, census and immigration records, birth and marriage records, phone books and historical newspapers. A particular library may subscribe to as few as one or two such databases, while others may offer a wide range of free databases. Some of the most useful library databases for genealogical research include: Ancestry Library Edition  - Ancestry Library Edition offers a wide and diverse variety of content allowing you to trace your family history. In the U.S., this includes the complete Federal Census Collection, 1790-1930; an Immigration Collection, including passenger lists and naturalization petitions; Military Records including World War I Draft Registration and Civil War records, and other family and local history records. In the UK, youll find many of these items, as well as the UK and Ireland census, the England Wales civil registration index and the BT phone book archives. Many of the items youll find on Ancestry.com, but free for participating library patrons accessing the database from library computers. Heritage Quest Online  - This library offering from ProQuest contains over 25,000 family and local history books, the entire US Federal Census, PERSI, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application files, and other genealogical collections. Unlike Ancestry L ibrary Edition, HeritageQuestOnline is available via remote access from libraries which choose to offer the feature. Proquest Obituaries  - More than 10 million obituaries and death notices appearing in top U.S. national newspapers dating back to 1851 appear in this library database, with full digital images from the actual paper. This database, at launch, included obituaries from The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Chicago Tribune, The Washington Post, The Atlanta Constitution, The Boston Globe and The Chicago Defender. More newspapers are planned for addition over time. Historical newspaper collections  - A large number of libraries offer access to some type of historical newspaper collection. These may be local newspapers, national newspapers, or newspapers of more global interest. The ProQuest Historical Newspaper Collection, for example, includes full text and full image articles from the major American newspapers:Chicago Tribune  (April 23, 1849-Dec. 31, 1985);  The New York Times  (Sept 18, 1851-Dec. 31, 2002);and  The Wall Street Journal  (July 8, 1889-Dec. 31, 198 8). The Times Digital Archive database is a full-image online archive of every page published by  The Times  (London) from 1785-1985. NewspaperArchive also offers a library version, with convenient online access to full-page historical newspapers from across the US, along with papers in the United Kingdom, Canada, Jamaica and other countries dating from 1759-1977. Libraries may also offer individual access to a variety of newspapers. Biographical and Genealogy Master Index  - A master index to biographies published since the 1970s in a wide variety of collective biography volumes. In addition to providing the individuals name, birth, and death dates (where available), the source document is listed for further reference. Digital Sanborn Maps, 1867-1970  - Yet another ProQuest offering, this database provides digital access to more than 660,000 large-scale Sanborn maps of more than 12,000 American towns and cities. Created for insurance adjusters, these maps provide a great deal of detail on the structures exisiting in larger towns and cities, along with street names, property boundaries and other useful information. Many of these databases can be accessed remotely by library patrons with a valid library card and PIN. Check with your local town, county or state library to find out what databases they offer, and apply for a library card if you dont already have one. Some states in the United States actually offer access to these databases for all residents of their state! If you cant find what you need locally, look around. Some libraries allow patrons who dont live in their coverage area to purchase a library card. For a useful list of libraries of U.S. libraries that offer remote, in-home access to the HeritageQuest Online database, see  HeritageQuestOnline  at EOGN.com. Many of these will likely offer a few of these other databases as well.